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James Beckwourth
James Pierson Beckwourth (April 26, 1798 〔Elinor Wilson, ''Jim Beckwourth – Black Mountain Man, War Chief of the Crows'', Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972, ISBN 0-8061-1555-6, p 30〕 Frederick County, Virginia – October 29, 1866, Denver) was an American mountain man, fur trader, and explorer. A mulatto born into slavery in Virginia, he was freed by his father (and master) and apprenticed to a blacksmith; later he moved to the American West. As a fur trapper, he lived with the Crow for years. He is credited with the discovery of Beckwourth Pass through the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) Mountains between present-day Reno, Nevada and Portola, California during the California Gold Rush years, and improved the Beckwourth Trail, which thousands of settlers followed to central California.
He narrated his life story to Thomas D. Bonner, an itinerant justice of the peace. The book was published in New York and London in 1856 as ''The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth: Mountaineer, Scout and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians''. A translation was published in France in 1860.
Early historians of the Old West originally considered the book little more than campfire lore. It has since been reassessed as a valuable source of social history, especially for life among the Crow, although not all its details are reliable or accurate. The civil rights movement of the 1960s celebrated Beckwourth as an early African-American pioneer. He has since been featured as a role model in children's literature and textbooks.
==Early life and education==
James Beckwourth was born into slavery in Virginia, but sources differ as to the year: 1798 or 1800.〔("Biography: Early Years"; note on 1972 biography ), James Beckwourth Website, accessed 6 Oct 2009〕 Of mixed race, he had a mother who was an enslaved African-American mulatto woman, and his father was her master, Sir Jennings Beckworth, a descendant of Irish and English nobility. Little was known about Beckwourth's mother, but James was said to be third of her thirteen children. When James was a boy, his father arranged to apprentice him to a blacksmith so that he could learn a good trade. He acknowledged James as his son. James was fired by the artisan after getting into an argument with him.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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